By: Ermira Babamusta/
New York City is known for its nicknames “Big Apple”, “City that Never Sleeps” and “ Center of Universe ”. In the middle of it all, Albanian Film Week, a wonderful cultural event and the first festival of its kind for the Albanian film industry in America .
Organizer Mrika Krasniqi (Nil Productions) started Albanian Film Week in 2012 with the goal of showcasing the best of Albanian cinema to New York . AFW presents the city with a diversity of Albanian cinematic creation from around the world to raise the profile of its talents, culture and film industry. The AFW Artistic Board and team includes: Mrika Krasniqi ( New York ), Robert Budina ( Albania ), Ilir Kabashi (Kosova), Vlora Qosja ( California ), Ben Fejza ( Macedonia ), Bajram Shala (Kosova) and Egzon Bunjaku (Kosova).
“Our mission is to transform the way people see Albanian culture through film. Our vision is to promote cultural understanding and encourage artistic development and growth,” said Mrika Krasniqi, director of Albanian Film Week, filmmaker and screenwriter. Each year AFW presents Red Carpet screenings of feature, short and documentary films, followed by Q&A, workshops, reception with artists and organizers, VIP afterparty and Award Night Gala.
Albanian Film Week is the first Albanian film festival in United States , established in 2012 and it takes place in New York in November. AFW plays a major role in introducing Albanian film to American audiences. Films in the first year included 100 films to commemorate the centennial of the independence of Albania .
The program of the AFW shows about 30 films per year, including feature, short and documentary films. The finalists are selected from works of Albanian filmmakers from around the world. Beginning in 2013, AFW expanded its program to include presentations of AFW Albanian Classics (Programi Bardh e Zi), to show restored films and Albanian classics.
Albanian Film Week program features domestic, international and USA premiers. The 2013 lineup included works from Albania , Kosovo , Macedonia , London , USA and Canada . The festival was graced with special guests, including award-winning filmmakers and artists to debuting film directors, producers and actors. Award-winning director Robert Budina introduced his film “Agon” ( Albania ’s Academy Award 2014 selection) at the Opening Ceremony held at the prestigious SVA Theatre, followed by a Q-and-A session after the screening.
“It was a memorable experience to screen Agon at AFW last year in New York . I appreciate the warm reception the movie had, as well as the open debate with positive and constructive criticism that followed afterwards. I was very pleased to receive the invitation from Mrika Krasniqi to join the Artistic Board and I gladly accepted. It shows the great interest of Albanians in America in the film industry of Albania . The AFW committee wants to review and recognize those films that meet the criteria and show excellence, great storytelling and interesting work,” said director, producer, writer Robert Budina.
AFW vision includes serving as a catalyst for community building and inspiring community engagement through thought-provoking films and open forum discussions with invited guests. The debate focuses on Albanian cinematography, its influence in the world and the future of the film industry.
“Albanian Film Week is one of the most important festivals for the Albanian community. It serves as a bridge in building new networks among Albanians around the world and the global film community. As a producer in Macedonia I am privileged to be a member of the AFW Artistic Board. I think this year we will have a very interesting competition that will showcase the high quality and standards of Albanian filmmakers,” said producer Arben Fejzullai, member of the Artistic Board of Albanian Film Week.
AFW screens most of its films at Producers Club Theatres, owned by two Albanian brothers, Alfred and Ernest Tollja. PC Theatres is a “five theatre, two studio complex with a bar and lounge right in the heart of NYC’s Theatre District, just steps away from Times Square ” (www.producersclub.com). Other venues in past events have included Tribeca Cinemas, Bronxnet Studios in Lehman College and SVA Theatres. The popular AFW screening events have been an outstanding success, attracting the interest of local and foreign media, sponsors and the filmmaking community.
To submit your movie, filmmakers can visit www.albanianfilmweek.net to apply by August 30, 2014 or www.facebook.com/albanianfilmweek2014 for further information. Sponsors can contact AFW director Mrika Krasniqi at albanianfilmweek@gmail.com or by phone: + (1) 347.237.7882 ( USA ) or + 377. 44 347 318 (EU).
On the final night of the festival AFW will announce the finalists by giving away 10 prizes: best feature film, best short film, best documentary film, best actor, best actress, best music, best camera, best screenplay, production award and public award. Last year, special guest Ambassador Bekim Sejdiu presented the awards at the Awards Night Gala held at PC Theatres in New York . “Right to Love”, directed by Paul Kurti and written by Amina Zhaman won Best Feature Film Award. Actress Pavlina Mani won Lifetime achievement Award. Other winners included: “Last Confession” directed by Ibrahim Deari, winner of Best Short Film and “The Price of Being a Woman” directed by Ilir Kabashi, winner of Best Documentary.
US State Department 2013 Human Rights Report: Kosovo
By: Ermira Babamusta, Ph.D., Foreign Affairs/
On February 27, 2014 US Secretary of State John Kerry delivered remarks on the 2013 Country Reports on Human Rights. On Thursday, Secretary Kerry submitted his second human rights report to the US Congress, which details key human rights developments and challenges from over 199 countries from around the world.
Today at 11:00 am Acting Asst. Secretary Uzra Zeya held a Q&A session addressing foreign policy and human rights issues. On the conversation with the acting Asst. Secretary for the Department of State, Uzra Zeya I asked how US foreign policy has shifted over the years to address the increase of human rights abuses around the world. I also thanked United States for its tremendous work and friendship with Kosovo and Albania and asked Asst. Sec. Zeya to comment on the US-Kosovo relations and principles of leadership in general. “We remain focused on fundamental freedoms of assembly, association, expression and belief, while paying attention to vulnerable and threatened groups. Defending human rights of all people is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and we firmly believe in human rights for all,” stated Asst. Secretary Uzra Zeya at the live Q&A session, held this morning.
Sec. Kerry’s Remarks:
Human rights both as equal, non-discriminatory rights and obligations are universal principles states have agreed upon to protect freedoms of expressions in all spheres of life. Although expressed and protected by law, these rights around the world often times are not guaranteed and executed. It is the duty of the state to promote and protect all human rights, and it is the duty of the citizens to uphold these laws.
“The fundamental struggle for dignity, for decency in the treatment of human beings between each other and between states and citizens, is a driving force in all of human history. And from our own nation’s journey, we know that this is a work in progress… We know that the struggle for equal rights, for women, for others – for LGBT community and others – is an ongoing struggle. And it’s because of the courage and commitment of citizens in each generation that the United States has come closer to living up to our own ideals,” stated US. Secretary John Kerry.
United States throughout its modern history has shown its commitment to democracy and human rights as violence and abuses increase around the world. In Syria, freedom of expression is strictly controlled. Freedom of religion, although a right written in the Constitution, it is restricted by the government and religious activities are monitored. Hundreds were murdered from the deadly sarin gas attack in August. The UN reports indicate that President Bashar al-Assad failed to meet the February 5 OPCW deadline to remove all 1,300 declared tonnes of chemical substance that it possesses.
In Bangladesh, human rights worsened in 2012 as workers claimed to be mistreated and labor leaders came under attack. Secretary Kerry mentioned that in over 80 countries LGBT communities face discrimination.
“And so with this year’s report, we join with many other nations in reaffirming our commitment to a world where speaking one’s mind does not lead to persecution, a world where practicing or changing one’s faith does not lead to imprisonment, and where marching peacefully in the street does not get you beaten up in a blind alley or even killed in plain sight,” said sec. Kerry.
The 2013 report includes five key human rights developments from around the world: (1) increased force on civil society to restrict freedom of assembly, (2) restrictions on freedom of speech and press, (3) lack of accountability for security forces abuses, (4) lack of effective labor rights protections and (5) marginalization of vulnerable groups like religious, ethnic minorities, women, children, LGBT, etc. (US Department of State, 2013 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices).
US – Kosovo Relations
On a statement released on Feb. 14, 2014 in honor of Kosovo’s sixth anniversary of its independence, Secretary Kerry reaffirmed the UScommitment to “an independent, sovereign and multiethnic Kosovo”. “On this occasion, we reflect on the historic achievements of the past year, including the April 2013 agreement on normalization of relations with Serbia and the progress of the EU-facilitated Dialogue. We also look forward to the important work of building a prosperous and inclusive Kosovo integrated in European and Euro-Atlantic institutions. We are confident that with continued courage, persistence, and patience, Kosovo will realize its aspirations in a Europe whole, free, and at peace. As you celebrate the accomplishments of the people of Kosovo, the United States stands with you as a steadfast partner and friend,” stated Secretary John Kerry. (US Department of State, John Kerry Press Statement, Feb. 14, 2014)
United States established diplomatic relations with Kosovo after it recognized it as an independent state in 2008. US has been a strong partner and an integral player in strengthening the democratic institutions of Kosovo. US foreign policy towards Kosovo has promoted economic growth, democracy building, peace and prosperity. US has also aided in maintaining safety and security in Kosovo by contributing forces in KFOR since 1999 and has participated in the EULEX security and defense mission, including facilitation of dialogue between Serbia and Kosovo.
The Foreign Assistance June 2013 report indicates that Kosovo “continues to contribute positively to regional stability and good neighborly relations on its path to Euro-Atlantic integration.” (United States Department, Office of the Coordinator of US Assistance to Europe and Euroasia, Foreign Operations Report, June 2013). US has provided in total nearly $186 million from 2012-2014 combined in the areas of peace and security, governing justly and democratically, investing in people and economic growth. (Majority of the aid is towards economic growth and government assistance).
During the visit of Vice assistant US Secretary of State, Hoyt Yee in Prishtina in November 21, 2013 President of Kosovo Atifete Jahjaga stated that relations between Kosovo and USA are “excellent”. Mr. Yee praised Kosovo’s achievements and reaffirmed US commitment to help in the ongoing engagements. (President of the Republic of Kosovo Office, 21 November 2013 Press Release)
Country Review: Kosovo
Successes and Improvements:
(1) The 2010-11 parliamentary elections met many international standards. The November 3 local elections marked for the first time in years that citizens of Northern Kosovo participated in the voting process. Both Kosovo and Serbian government encouraged civic participation in the local elections.
(2) The established political parties have had no restrictions in running, organizing or operating their primary functions. There were no issues reported in terms of exercising their political activities.
(3) The Ministry of Justice and the Kosovo Correctional Service (KCS) have made significant improvements for the conditions in several correction facilities, employees and inmates in Podujeve, Peja and Mitrovica.
(4) Normalized relations between Serbia and Kosovo, mandated by the reached April 19 mutual agreement, facilitated by EU talks. Other bilateral agreements include integrated border management, freedom of movement and civil registries.
(5) Accountability by governmental officials to take actions on those who did not act according to the law.
(6) Women and minority political participation is promoted by law, where the quota requires 30 percent female parliamentarians: 40 women serve in the 120-seat Assembly, two women served as deputy prime ministers, one female country president, one female mayor, and prime ministers appointed as ministers. 13 members of Kosovo Serbs filled the ethnic minority seats at the Assembly (the constitution provides fro 10 Kosovo Serbs and 10 seats for other minorities).
(7) Cooperation at the government level and no restrictions placed on operations of domestic NGOs. The office of the Ombudspersons has regularly done outreach to various municipalities to address different issues related to the communities.
(8) Advancing the role of women in service including training of new cadets and the functioning of the Association of Women in the Kosovo Police in November. Additionally, the records on domestic violence has improved. The Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare provided financial support for family violence cases. The Action Plan on Domestic Violence was adopted in 2011, and the Agency for Gender Equality was set as the regulatory agency to implement policy change pertaining to domestic abuse.
(9) The government has made improvements in resolving more property related cases. From the 42,457 registered cases, 35,053 were resolved.
(10) No restrictions found on the exercise of freedom of press, religion, assembly or cultural events. (Source: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kosovo, US Department of State)
Issues and further considerations:
(1) “Kosovo Serb hardliners’ efforts to block normalization, including establishing roadblocks in the northern part of the country and restricting basic rights such as freedom of movement of persons and goods.” The report cites the instance where assailants attacked three polling locations in Zvecan, which resulted in the rerun of elections on December 1 in these three locations.
(2) Rights for vulnerable groups that include minorities, persons with disabilities, members of the LGBT community remain the second biggest issue, followed by domestic violence against women, listed as the third major problem.
(3) ICRS listed 1,723 as people who disappeared during the 1998-99 conflict, comprising of 70% Kosovo Albanians who are missing.
(4) Foreign travel was a concern as buses crossing the border between Kosovo and Serbia are under attack from assailants.
(5) Limited movement in Northern Kosovo due to roadblocks, that were set by the EU-led dialogue and agreement between Serbia and Kosovo.
(6) Corruption and lack of transparency: “officials reportedly engaged in corrupt practices during the year,” totaled in 2.307 corruption cases involving public officials during the period of January 2012 and September 2013, with 187 people sentenced to prison.
(7) Lack of proper registration of ethnic minority children, although low numbers, only 5% reported to not properly be registered at birth.
(8) Person with disabilities lacked protection and were discriminated. Improvements need to be made to ensure easy access to different official offices and locations to accommodate individuals with disability.
(9) Although Kosovo Serbs and minorities enjoy full rights and protections from the Kosovar government, many Kosovo Serbs continue to not cooperate: “Northern Kosovo Serbs continued to prevent construction of houses in the Brdjani/Kroi Vitakut neighborhood for ethnic Albanians who had been displaced from the area in 1999. For example, in July a group of approximately 50 Kosovo Serbs blocked the main road, halting construction. On July 29, EULEX Police arrested Zarko Veselinovic on an outstanding warrant for endangering international personnel. Authorities charged Veselinovic and another suspect with attempted murder and unauthorized use of a firearm in the December 2012 shooting of the deputy head of the Mitrovica/Mitrovice North Administrative Office. On the same day as the arrest, a group of approximately 200 Serbs protested the arrests and blockaded a road.”
(10) The report found no official reports on discrimination based on sexual orientation, however due to social pressure many LGBT persons were afraid to reveal their identity. “In November the Youth Initiative for Human Rights released a report which found that 40 percent of LGBT individuals were afraid to acknowledge their identity and 10 percent had been physically assaulted at least once as a result of being perceived as LGBT.” (Source: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kosovo, US Department of State)
Observations from my 2007 & 2012 missions in Kosovo
In my efforts to strengthen US-Kosova-Albanian relations and promote peace and stability in the Balkans in 2007 & 2012 I embarked on two cultural and diplomatic missions in Kosova under the auspices of United Nations and the Kosovo Ministry of Diaspora. My publication titled “Kosovo Status Talks: A Case Study on International Negotiations” includes my observations from the 2007 trip to Kosovo. This scientific research analyzes the behavior and actions taken by the international players, in particular the US, Russia, the UN and the EU in the case of Kosovo in the context of the diplomatic agreement process and to analyze their positions in the negotiation phase. It analyzes the consultative status of the UN and the EU and elaborates on the mechanisms of cooperation between the international players. Specifically, it examines multilateral diplomacy and explores the factors influencing the development and drawbacks of the multilateral diplomacy process. In my conclusion I called on Kosovo leaders to declare its independence as the only option.
“The Kosovo case demonstrates that success or lack of success of the international community’s role depends on the phase of the negotiations. This research divided the negotiation process into three main phases: interim peace settlement (Phase I); interim political settlement (Phase II); and future status resolution (Phase III).
Phase I pointed out the crucial role of the US, NATO, the Contact Group and the UN. The successful collaborative efforts of the international community resulted in several peace agreements. NATO intervention and the UN Security Council Resolution 1244 ended the Kosovo conflict in 1999. During the Emergency and Substantial phases of reconstruction (Phase II) the role of the international community was vital in providing humanitarian assistance and building the political institution in the region and monitoring the local elections. The UN and OSCE were successful in insuring the implementation of the UNMIK pillars. The Kosovar leadership and the Kosovo Protection Corps demonstrated tremendous progress in fulfilling the UNMIK provisions.
However, after the UNMIK mandate expired, it was necessary for the international community to determine Kosovo’s future status. During Phase III, intensive negotiations occurred between Kosovo and Serbia over the course of three years. Throughout the process both parties maintained opposing positions: Kosovo demanding full independence and willing to accept international supervision; Serbia accepting only autonomy for Kosovo within Serbia. The mediators employed two techniques: positional bargaining and principled negotiations. Modest progress was achieved on technical issues concerning the protection of minority rights. However, the firm views of both parties failed to produce any mutually agreeable outcome. Despite the lack of a negotiated solution, the Kosovo diplomatic process showcases a closer relationship with the international community. The balance of power shifted from single players such as the U.S. and Russia to multilateral participants such as the UN, NATO and the EU.
A major factor in the lack of negotiation success is the Russian opposition. Russia aspires to be the main player in the field. Such realist actions have minimized multilateral efforts due to Russia’s threat of using its prerogative veto power in the UN Security Council. Therefore, the effect on multilateral negotiations is conditioned by the realist actions of a single key player. In lieu of pursuing cooperation and multilateral means, Russia relied on unilateral devices; this opposition blocked the negotiated outcomes.
To the contrary, the United States – acting singly, proved successful, unlike the Contact Group – acting collectively. During the pre-negotiation phase, Shuttle Diplomacy between Prishtina and Belgrade led by the US Ambassador Christopher Hill in 1998 made Track I diplomacy successful. Shuttle diplomacy was a very useful tool and resulted in the NATO, OSCE and the UN missions.
Finally, the latest independence plan proposed by Slovenia reinforces the exact view that independence is the only option for Kosovo.” (Source: Ermira Babamusta, “Kosovo Status Talks: A Case Study on International Negotiations”, Long Island University, The Brooklyn Center, 2008, p. 133-135)
During the 2010 summer I had the opportunity to meet with the leadership of various decision-making institutions of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the European Courts of Human Rights, EuroCorps in Strasbourg (France), Brussels (Belgium) and Luxembourg. After my 2012 mission in Kosovo, I am currently working on my second publication on Kosovo and doctoral research. Experts can partake on the survey and learn more here: www.prishtinapress.info/sondazh. (Caption: US Secretary John Kerry and Acting Asst. Secretary Uzra Zey.Photo credit US State Department)
Ermira Babamusta, studimet në Harvard dhe politika ndërkombëtare
Ermira Babamusta, studentja dhe aktivistja shqiptaro-amerikane vlerësohet për arritje të shkëlqyera nga Harvard/
Nga Blerina BRAHO/
Shqiptarët që po japin një kontribut të shkëlqyer në të mirë të emrit të Shqipërisë janë të shumtë në botë dhe njëra nga këta është edhe shqiptarja me famë Ermira Babamusta, e cila studion e punon në Amerikë. Me kontributin e saj Ermira shërben si ambasadore e kulturës dhe vlerave shqiptare në botë. Ermira njihet për arritjet e saj në fushën e diplomacisë dhe politikës në Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës dhe gjithashtu për promovimin e shqiptarëve të talentuar në botë. Ajo mbahet mend më së shumti si një nga personat që ka punuar në administratën e Presidentit Obama dhe për vlerësimin që ka marrë nga Kongresi Amerikan. Por së fundmi ajo ka shënuar edhe një arritje tjetër në listën e saj të sukseseve e fitoreve. Ermirës i është akorduar një çertifikatë nga universiteti prestigjioz i Harvardit për arritjet e saj akademike. Se si arriti ajo të bëhej pjesë e Harvardit, cilët profesorë të famshëm i kanë dhënë leksione dhe si do e ndihmojnë këto njohuri në të mirë të Shqipërisë mund të lexoni intervistën me poshtë.
Momentalisht Ermira Babamusta po merret me sondazhin për qeverinë e Kosovës për hulumtimin e saj të doktoraturës. Ekspertët e Kosovës janë të ftuar të marrin pjesë: www.prishtinapress.info/sondazh.
Kohët e fundit një tjetër arritje është shënuar në listën tuaj të fitoreve akademike dhe personale. Juve ju është akorduar certifikata e mjeshtërisë nga universiteti prestigjioz Harvard. Mund të na tregoni diçka më shumë për këtë arritje?
Ermira Babamusta: Dashurinë për edukim, kulturë dhe njohuri ma kanë dhënë të dy prindërit, të cilët janë arsimtarë. Si fis (Babamusta dhe Cani) e kemi pasur traditë shkollimin jashtë shtetit dhe shkollimin e lartë. Ibrahim Babamusta, nipi i gjyshit tim, mori Medaljen e Artë nga Perandori Franc Ferdinand i Austrisë. Babai im, Neki Babamusta, “Mësues i Merituar” ka zhvilluar lëvizjen arsimore në Shqipërinë e Mesme dhe Kosovë, ka mbajtur shumë kumtesa historike në Durrës dhe Tiranë tek Ministria e Arsimit, ka dërguar materiale historike tek Instituti i Historisë në Tiranë, të cilat janë vlerësuar dhe është falënderuar nga ish drejtori i saj z.Stefanaq Pollo. Për shkenca ekzakte në Shqipëri kontribut shumë të madh kanë dhënë dhe vazhdojnë të japin të afërmit e parë të mi si Agron Babamusta, (Drejtor i shkollës së lartë Apollo në Tiranë), Neritan Babamusta, (ish -shef kuadri në Ministrinë e Arsimit, më pas në Institutin e Studimeve), Ismail Babamusta bashkë me vëllanë (hulumtues rezultativ në shkenca mjekësore farmaceutike), etj.. Gjithmonë e kam patur synim doktoraturën dhe tani kam edhe fatin të shtoj Harvardin në rezymenë time. Nuk e kisha imagjinuar se do studioj në Harvard. Ky program që u pranova ishte i rezervuar vetëm për 500 studentë nga e gjithë bota me konkurs. U gëzova kur pashë emrin tim në listën fituese të pranimit dhe jam e lumtur që arrita të fitoj edhe certifikatën e mjeshtërisë. Krenohem që përfaqësoj Shqipërinë dhe Kosovën në këtë program që fillova verën e kaluar.
Si ndodhi që ju u pranuat tek programi Sigurimi Kombëtar dhe Strategjia (National Security & Strategy) dhe çfarë risish morët nga ky program?
Ermira Babamusta: Në gusht 2013 aplikova për programin e certifikatës për kursin Strategjia dhe Sigurimi Kombëtar Amerikan. Si pjesë e aplikimit dhe konkursit të programit duhet të shkruaja një ese që kërkonte formulimin e një memorandumi duke paraqitur strategji për një çështje sigurimi rreth Sirisë. Një muaj më pas, në shtator më lajmëruan që nga mijëra që aplikuan, isha zgjedhur një nga 500 studentët për të qenë pjesë e programit. Ky program kishte përzgjedhur studentë nga shtete të ndryshme të botës dhe unë u zgjodha si studente e Universitetit West Virginia dhe si përfaqësuese e Shqipërisë dhe Kosovës. Në dhjetor, kur mbaroi programi, isha një nga 290 studentët që u akorduan me certifikatën e mjeshtërisë. Vetëm gjysma e pjesëmarrësve nga 500 vetat që u pranuan arritën ta fitojnë këtë certifikatë me sukses, dhe më vjen mirë që isha midis tyre. Të tjerët ose e lanë programin, sepse ishte mjaft i vështirë, ose nuk arritën të fitojnë notat dhe pikët e duhura për të marrë certifikatën. Semestrin e ri të pranverës filloj kursin e dytë për Drejtësi dhe e mbaroj nga vera 2014. Që ditën e parë të programit, në seminarin e parë që u zhvillua, kam mësuar më shumë se sa kam mësuar gjatë gjithë jetës time si studente, me dy mastera dhe doktoraturë që kam deri tani. Harvardi ka një metodë mësimi krejt ndryshe nga universitetet e tjera dhe më la shumë përshtypje të mirë. Jo vetëm që diskutohet teori, që është sistemi tipik i arsimit në të gjitha universitetet amerikane sot, por ndryshimi në Harvard është se, profesorët, që ditën e parë, na mësuan edhe aspektin praktik të punës. Nëse fillon punë, për shembull në Departamentin e Mbrojtjes, çfarë duhet patur parasysh për të qenë i suksesshëm, për të mbajtur pozitën dhe kërkesat nga shefi. Na mësuan si të shkruajmë memorandume që i drejtohen Presidentit ose Sekretarit të Shtetit dhe liderëve të tjerë në botë. Profesorët flisnin nga përvojat e tyre gjatë punës në administratën amerikane. Kam marrë shumë mësime të mira, por përfitimi më i madh ka qenë aspekti praktik se si funksionon zyra dhe cilat janë kërkesat administrative në nivelet e larta qeveritare për ato që synojnë këto funksione. Njohuri të tilla mësohen natyrisht me përvojë pune dhe nuk ceken në arsim. Kështu më bëri përshtypje që Harvardi përdorte këtë metodë. Harvardi jo vetëm që të lidh me ekspertë dhe njerëz të lartë, që ishin pjesë e forumeve dhe diskutimeve të programit, por të mëson edhe këshillon si të arrish suksesin në punë. Ky besoj ka qenë përfitimi më i madh për mua.
Çfarë metodash keni mësuar në këtë program të Harvard-it?
Ermira Babamusta: Gjatë programit kemi analizuar disa hipoteza dhe situata të imagjinuara posaçërisht për këtë program në mënyrë që të mësonim si të analizonim në mënyrë strategjike çështje sensitive në lidhje me sigurimin e shtetit. Kemi shqyrtuar disa shembuj si Siri, Irani, Uikileaks, Korea, etj., për të kuptuar më mirë politikën e jashtme, interesat e një shteti dhe procesin e vendimmarrjes së liderëve të botës.
Një metodë mjaft interesante ishte koncepti i “Red Teaming” (ekipi i kuq), që u zhvillua gjatë kohës së Luftës së Ftohtë kur Shtetet e Bashkuara të Amerikës dhe Bashkimi Sovjetik ishin në konkurrencë. E ka marrë emrin nga Rusia e kuqe atëherë, dhe Amerika blu. Koncepti i “ekipi i kuq” do të thotë adoptimi i pozitës së kundërshtarëve për të kuptuar se si ato marrin vendime dhe cilat përgjigje ose veprime do merrnin ato në politikë. Thelbi i këtij koncepti është ta imagjinosh veten si kundërshtari, qoftë një shtet tjetër, një person ose një biznes, dhe e koncepton botën nga sytë e tyre, duke kuptuar interesat, alternativat dhe veprimet e mundshme të tyre. Kjo metodë përdoret sot në komunitetin e inteligjencës dhe mbrojtjes. Brenda analizës së inteligjencës duke përdorur alternativën “Ekipi i Kuq” më të suksesshmet janë këto teknika: “Analiza e Ekipit A/B”, “Mbrojtja e Djallit”, “Analiza ‘po në qoftë se’, lista e supozimeve kryesore etj.. “Analiza e Ekipit B” ka për detyrë shqyrtimin e analizës së Ekipit A, që pranohet si njohuri e zakontë ose e pranueshme. Duke u nisur nga kjo analizë e Ekipit A si pikëfillim, Ekipi B duhet të ofrojë një interpretim tjetër. Ndërsa grupi “Mbrojtja e Djallit” pasi merr nën shqyrtim të gjitha pikat e dëshmisë duhet t’i lidhi në një mënyrë që del në një përfundim krejt ndryshe nga konkluzionet fituese. Këto metoda nxitin formimin e ideve të reja dhe bashkëpunimin në grup ose mendimin në grup që sfidon mendimin e zakontë ose atë të përgjithshëm.
Në fund të debateve dhe analizave, profesori im i Harvardit, Graham Allison na bënte gjithmonë pyetjen “Si mund të jem unë gabim?” Kjo pyetje njihet si pyetja e Gjeneralit George Marshall, që ka punuar si Sekretar Shteti dhe Sekretar i Mbrojtjes gjatë Presidentit Harry Truman. Mbas tij është emëruar edhe Plani i Marshallit, për të rindërtuar Europën pas Luftës së II-të Botërore. Si strateg ushtrie dhe mbrojtje gjenerali Marshall gjithmonë bënte pyetjen “si mund të jem unë gabim” për të hedhur poshtë argumentin e tij, të gjej dobësitë me qëllim që të forcojë konkluzionet, vendimet dhe veprimet e tij. Besoj se këto metoda mund të aplikohen jo vetëm në nivele të larta qeveritare, ose në organizata e administrata, por edhe në jetën e përditshme të njeriut për të kuptuar më mirë analizat dhe mendimet e tij.
Në 2004 koncepti i Ekipit të kuq u bë ligj dhe në legjislaturën amerikane nëpërmjet Aktit Reformues të Inteligjencës në 2004, ku brenda 180 ditëve Drejtori i Inteligjencës Nacionale ka për detyrë të fillojë procesin e caktimit të personave me përgjegjësi për të arritur në konkluzione alternative për komunitetin e inteligjencës. Kjo me qëllim për të evituar dështimet e inteligjencës si rastet, Komisioni i 9/11 (2004), Komisioni i Armëve të shkatërrimit në masë (2005). Në 2006 hyri në ligj edhe Akti i Autorizimit të Mbrojtjes së Atdheut për të përdorur analizën Ekipi i Kuq për të marrë masa paraprake ndaj kërcënimeve terroriste ose armëve kimike.
Çfarë mund të na thoni ndonjë kuriozitet për profesorët e tuaj në Harvard. Ka persona të njohur publik mes tyre?
Ermira Babamusta: Kam patur fatin të mësoj nga profesorët më të mirë. Profesori Graham Allison është drejtori i qendrës për shkenca dhe punë të jashtme “Belfer Center” tek shkolla JFK School of Government në Harvard. Ka punuar si këshilltar special për Sekretarin e Mbrojtjes gjatë Presidentit Reagan, dhe si asistent sekretar i mbrojtjes për politikë dhe plane për presidentin Klinton. Ka fituar çmimin e lartë civil nga Departamenti i Mbrojtjes dhe ka publikuar shumë libra shkencor në lidhje me politikën. Librin e tij “Esenca e Vendimeve” po e përdor si bazë e temës time të doktoraturës. Ndërsa profesori David Sanger, është korrespondenti kryesor i Uashingtonit për “Nju Jork Tajms”. Ka fituar çmimin “Pulitzer”, ka botuar disa libra dhe jep mësim në “Harvard” për politikë publike. Ka shërbyer për shtatë vjet si korrespondent i “The Times” për Shtëpinë e Bardhë. Profesori tjetër Dr. Derek Reveron është drejtori i Strategjive të Sigurimit dhe Drejtori i Kolegjit “US Naval War College” në Njuport. Secili prej tyre ka dhënë një kontribut të madh në mësim duke na mësuar nga përvojat e tyre në politikë. Në forumet e shumta që kanë organizuar kemi patur debate mjaft interesante.
Të gjithë e dinë që Harvard është një nga universitet më prestigjioze dhe të dëshiruara në botë. Dijet që merren në atë shkollë konceptohen si unike dhe efektive në çdo fushë, por si të ndihmojnë çka ke mësuar në Harvard për ta aplikuar në Shqipëri dhe Kosovë?
Ermira Babamusta: Përsa i përket interesave kombëtare kam mësuar nga Harvardi piramidën e rëndësisë propozuar nga Dr. Derek Reveron dhe James Cook: (1) jetësore, (2) të rëndësishme dhe (3) periferike. E para ka të bëjë me mbijetesën e shoqërisë, e sistemit për të mbrojtur mirëqenien, sigurinë dhe lirinë e vendit. Për çfarë jemi të gatshëm të vdesim. E dyta ka të bëjë me mbrojtjen e interesave të rëndësishme (p.sh. ndalimi i gjenocideve). Dhe e treta kë mund të financojmë, ose interesa me më pak rëndësi. Mbi të gjitha përcaktimi i strategjisë që lidh mënyrat dhe arritjet tregon suksesin e objektivave. Sipas Reveron dhe Cook strategjia është në dy nivele: (1) strategjia e madhe, që përfshin nivelet më të larta diplomatike, ushtarake dhe ekonomike, për shembull ‘strategjia e sigurimit kombëtar’, përgatitur nga Presidenti për t’iu përgjigjur një sfide dhe (2) ‘strategjia teatrale’, e cila bazohet në strategjinë e madhe nacionale, për të zhvilluar vizionin dhe implementimin e funksioneve dhe koordinimin e aktiviteteve/veprimeve.
Për të patur zhvillim në Shqipëri dhe Kosovë këto dy strategji duhen të jenë të qarta dhe të caktuara së pari. “Strategjia e madhe” cakton konceptet dhe planet, ndërsa e dyta përcakton veprimet dhe implementimet, si dhe lidhjen me institucionet, duke u bazuar në planin e madh kombëtar. Duke analizuar misionin, objektivat dhe rrugën e implementimit të dyja strategjitë mund të jenë mjaft të suksesshme. Në aspektin ekonomik, interes jetësor do ishte zhvillimi i tregut; sa prodhime vendore bujqësore ka në treg, sa e fortë është ekonomia dhe sa të zhvilluara janë fabrikat, uzinat dhe prodhimet e tjera/industria e rëndë. A mund të vetëfurnizohet Shqipëria dhe Kosova me prodhimet e saj vendore? Interesat e rëndësishme për mua do hynte lidhja me tregun e huaj, eksporti dhe përmirësimi i mjeteve, teknologjisë, rritja e iniciativave, përkrahje shtetërore, etj. Nëse Shqipëria dhe Kosova nuk forcohen ekonomisht dhe ushtarakisht, nuk mund të luajnë rol të fuqishëm në rajon dhe në botë.
Duke u nisur nga praktika politike ju aktualisht jeni duke përgatitur edhe një anketë me target grup Kosovën dhe popullsinë e saj. Ku konsiston realisht ky anketim?
Ermira Babamusta: Momentalisht po merrem me hulumtimin e dytë shkencor duke përdorur modelin e profesorit Graham Allision të Universitetit të Harvardit, bashkë me pesë profesorë të komitetit tim të temës nga universiteti i West Virginia-s. Këtë hulumtim e fillova në Kosovë, ku jetova disa muaj në Prishtinë në 2012-13. Falënderoj Ministrinë e Diasporës dhe Ministrinë e Punëve të Jashtme në Kosovë për përkrahjen e tyre, si dhe personat e tjerë që janë angazhuar deri tani.
Ftoj ekspertë të çështjeve të Kosovës si policë, profesorë, avokatë, politikanë, ekonomistë, qeveritarë, gazetarë, administratorë, etj., të marrin pjesën në Fazën I të anketës time zyrtare për qeverisjen e Kosovës që do punohet në libër dhe në temën e doktoraturës. Më nevojitën sa më shume ekspertë të marrin pjesë në këtë punim. Ju ftoj ta plotësoni tek www.prishtinapress.info/sondazh.
Falënderoj z. Engjëll, Blerinën dhe stafin e mrekullueshëm të Telegrafit, që kanë treguar një përkrahje të jashtëzakonshme në promovimin e talenteve shqiptare në vend dhe diasporë. Ju falënderoj shumë për këtë dashamirësi që tregoni. Suksese.
Presidenti Obama u shpall si njeriu i dytë më i admiruar në botë për vitin 2013. Ju keni punuar për administratën e Presidentit Obama. Ç’mund të na thoni për eksperiencën e punës?
Ermira Babamusta: Përgëzoj Presidentin Obama për punën e tij, për vlerat e larta, kushtimin që i ka dhënë popullit amerikan, realizimin e programit që premtoi gjatë kandidaturës. Presidenti ka arritur sukses në uljen e papunësisë, sidomos mbas krizës së 2008-s që e tërë Amerika e përjetoi. Puna ime tek administrata e Presidentit Obama, në 2008 dhe 2012, ishte një eksperiencë shumë e mirë dhe më dha nga afër mundësinë të njihem me popullin amerikan, të kuptoj dhe luftoj për çështjet dhe të drejtat e tyre dhe vlerat demokratike dhe njerëzore në përgjithësi. Në të ardhmen synoj të punoj tek Shtëpia e Bardhë. E vlerësoj dhe respektoj shumë sistemin amerikan, si atë politik dhe atë juridik. Vlerësoj dhe punën e Presidentit Nishani, që kam patur rastin ta takoj disa herë bashkë me bashkëshorten e tij, znj. Odeta, në Nju Jork nëpërmjet komunitetit shqiptar dhe Vatrës. Z. Nishani ka përkrahur në mënyrë të shkëlqyer bashkëpunimin Amerikë-Shqipëri dhe lobimin e çështjes së Kosovës. Përgëzoj këtu edhe punën e përkryer të Ambasadorëve z. Bekim Sejdiu dhe z. Ferit Hoxha për përfaqësimin e shkëlqyer të imazhit shqiptar në botë. Ndjehem krenar me figura të denja dhe të larta të kombit tonë që po e çojnë Shqipërinë dhe Kosovën në drejtim të duhur. I uroj të dyja shteteve zhvillim të mëtejshëm.
The Borgen Project: Overcoming the Global Poverty Challenge
By Ermira Babamusta/
Clint Borgen is the founder and President of Borgen Project (www.borgenproject.org). In 1999, while working as a young volunteer in refugee camps during the Kosovo War and genocide, Clint Borgen recognized the need for an organization that could focus U.S. political attention on extreme poverty. In 2003, after graduating from Washington State University and interning at the United Nations, Borgen began developing the organization.
Now headquartered in Seattle, The Borgen Project has become an influential campaign platform aimed at reducing global poverty through public mobilization and political advocacy. (History of Borgen Project video: http://vimeo.com/20656769 ).
Interview with Clint Borgen
When you first began developing the Borgen Project in 2003, what were some key areas that the organization focused early on?
Clint Borgen: From the beginning The Borgen Project’s focus has been on getting U.S. leaders to do more to address global poverty.We believe U.S. foreign policy should center around improving conditions for people who are hit hardest by war, hunger and poverty.
How has the strategy about ending poverty and hunger come about?
Clint Borgen: In most cases I think poverty and hunger are symptoms of bad policies, so for me the strategy has been to address the political decisions that help or hinder efforts to lift people out of poverty. From my experience in Kosovo and Macedonia, it was apparent that the decisions of political leaders in the U.S. greatly impact the lives of millions of people outside of the U.S.
What are some success stories achieved with the help of The Borgen Project, either in a certain country or certain issue area?
Clint Borgen: Our work doesn’t generally target specific countries, but aims to get members of Congress doing more to address global poverty than they otherwise would. The organization has an amazing level of access to U.S. political leaders so we’re in a great position to reach and engage those who determine the impact the U.S. has globally We’ve been lobbying for the U.S. to develop a strategy to address the issue of clean water and sanitation in impoverished nations. Last year, the White House adopted large parts of that strategy. We’re currently working on Food Aid Reform and I think we’ll see some breakthroughs this year.
How do you go about funding The Borgen Project and how can others get involved?
Clint Borgen: Fundraising is without question the toughest part of running an organization. We really depend on individual donors and we’ve had a few big donors through the years that have been instrumental in elevating the cause. On our site (borgenproject.org) we list out lots of highly effective ways for people to help.
What critical decisions changed the way you deal with foreign policy and foreign aid?
Clint Borgen: We look for programs that will have the biggest impact for the most people per dollar spent. We also like programs that address by addressing one problem you can eliminate several other problems. Those situations where by addressing one issue, you can eliminate several other issues. For example, getting a village access to clean water can eliminate several diseases in the village, allow farmers to grow more food and eliminate the amount of time people spend walking each day to find fresh water.
What are some points that you believe are crucial in addressing global poverty?
Clint Borgen: Public opinion in wealthy nations. In the U.S., most people think that 25 percent of the Federal Budget goes to International Aid when in reality it’s 1 percent. The consequence of this is leaders primarily here from voters who want the U.S. cutting international programs and seldom hear from people who want it supported.
What solutions does The Borgen Project propose to end global poverty?
Clint Borgen: There’s an endless supply of methods for improving the human condition and various countries have used different tactics to drop their poverty rates. History has shown helping poor farmers improve their crop productivity is highly effective. Access to education and livable wage jobs can turn around any community.
What are your thoughts on how the current budget is being spent?
Clint Borgen: I’m a proud American, but our political priorities are often embarrassing. There’s a famous quote that goes, “don’t tell me what your values are, show me your budget and I will tell you what your values are.” The amount we give to our largest military contractor is more than the estimated cost to end world hunger. Most American’s would be outraged if they were aware of this and trying to inform the public is a big part of what we do.
What are the current priorities of The Borgen Project?
Clint Borgen: Growing our network. We want to have active, high-impact political operatives volunteering for us in all 435 U.S. Congressional Districts. We’re seeing amazing results in places where leaders are feeling pressure from Borgen Project volunteers and I want to make sure every member of Congress is feeling the heat.
What bills is The Borgen Project working on related to poverty?
Clint Borgen: Food Aid Reform and protecting the International Affairs Budget from drastic cuts. The U.S. can help millions of more people with the same amount of money, simply by improving the way we deliver aid.
Egriu considering Run for Congress
By: Ermira Babamusta, New York/
Former NYS Senate candidate, Emin Eddie Egriu is actively considering running for New York’s 26th congressional district, U.S. House of Representatives. Egriu plans to announce his decision to run for the House seat on January 29, 2014.
Emin E. Egriu has helped improve Buffalo, New York since the creation of his first firm in 1989, EMIN (Everything Must Improve Now). Egriu has created a self-supporting community by developing new businesses, medical clinics, churches, homes, etc. His work with PUSH has stabilized communities and revitalized neighborhoods. Emin E. Egriu has been fully involved in politics since 1999. Egriu has focused on education, immigration, businesses, senior citizens and human rights issues. He has been at the forefront of the PUSH (Program Uniting Albanians) movement, a commitment he shares for New Yorkers, the Albanian community and all immigrants.
What makes Emin Egriu a strong candidate for Congress is because he cares about people. He tells the truth and puts people before politics. His experience, clear leadership, problem-solving skills, his commitment to community and vision for change make Egriu well suited for elected office. As a an honest and hard-working Democrat Egriu’s winnability has convinced not just New Yorkers and Albanians who fully support him, but also American-Albanians in Connecticut, Chicago, Detroit, NJ and from around the world. Egriu has built a strong national and international profile. For more info visit www.Pushusa.com and www.facebook.com/Egriu.
Interview with Democratic Candidate for US Congress (NY), Emin Eddie Egriu
Why this candidacy for US Congress, House of Representatives?
Emin E. Egriu: There needs to be change in Congress. The Congressional house at this time in our history is the most corrupted and segregated with approval rating of only 5-9%. My Congressman in the last 8 years has spent more than 8 billion dollars in Western NY, 90% percent of the investments are nontaxable. Even more crucial is that our unemployment has not changed. Western NY is losing its citizens at a rate of 20,000 residents a year; mostly our youth are leaving with hopes of better opportunities. He is a polished politician and only works for the inner circle and for the benefit of the Elite and not for the average citizen.
What is your platform?
Emin E. Egriu: 1) Lower taxes by removing duplicate government services. 2) Support local manufacturing and small business, change Free trade to Equal trade and tax anything above Equal. 3) Raise minimum wage to living wage $10.50 hour. 4) Invest in green energy, Science and technology.
What previous work experiences make you fit for this position?
Emin E. Egriu: I believe in hard work and building relationships in our community. At the age of 16 I opened my first business called ‘Touch of class” painting and wallpaper hanging, and managed 4 employees. By the age of 21 I moved to Buffalo NY and opened a couple of restaurants together with my brother and at the same time I continued to work construction. In 1989 I opened a development firm called EMIN (Everything Must Improve Now). Within 1 year I had 16 employees working with me in my company.
Since I moved to Buffalo I have established and developed many entities including medical clinics, Churches, Mask’s, Gas stations, Plaza’s, Restaurants, Homes, revitalized dilapidated business strips, redeveloped dilapidated communities, hired more minorities than any other company in existence here in Western NY. Throughout my 30 years in Buffalo I have created about 2,500 jobs for Western NY. And 95% percent of the businesses that I helped establish are still in existence. I have worked with the courts and the faith based groups to help make Buffalo a better place to live.
In 1999 I ran for the first time for public office for council member at large and ever since then I have been fully in touch with our communities and with making Buffalo a better place to live. I have fought for the minorities, working families, uniting people’s voices, bringing peace among ethnic diversity, raising minimum wage in NY. In 2004 together with the Working Family party I worked with numerous religious entities and courts to bring them to work together for a more open dialog and a better understanding among each other’s grievances.
I am a people’s person, I fight for the people that have been neglected and that have been segregated from society.
What is your greatest accomplishment?
Emin E. Egriu: In 2006 PUSH Buffalo (People United for Sustainable Housing) together with UCC (Urban Community Corp) reached out to me for a program to help the youth. I put all my energy and time for the cause and accepted the position of Project Director, and I must say that this cause was the best accomplishment I have ever achieved. Together we went into one of the most dangerous neighborhood and revitalized a few properties. We also involved and trained youth with pay at $8.00/ hr and up and volunteers. Today this area has risen in property value by 1,000 – 2,000 percent. Today PUSH is one of the most respected and most funded programs in Western NY. My 3 years working with our youth is my highest honor and most successful achievement I have had!
In Nov. 2012 on the 100th year Anniversary of Albania Bashkim Kllobocista and I founded a new movement called PUSH (Program Unik Shqiptar) / (Program Uniting Albanians) this movement fights for Human rights, Freedom of Speech, Educational issues, and Uniting the Albanians communities throughout the Balkans and the world. We have branched out in Italy, Macedonia, NJ, NYC, CT and Washington DC. Within a year we have a combined total of 3,200 members and have been in the forefront of many important issues facing the Albanian communities here and abroad. I have been its President for a year now and I just resigned from my presidential post so we can show that we are not a dictatorship movement and no one carries the crown in this league. Democracy is what I believe in. It is the engine of my life.
What change do you envision for New York that you will bring if elected?
Emin E. Egriu: The changes I vision for the future are: JOBS, Immigration reform, and better opportunities for all and not just the few! I want to strengthen our work force and revitalize our neglected neighborhoods, schools and strengthen our skilled forces. This country cannot continue to keep supporting our lobbyist and our bankers; we must redirect our thoughts and concentrate on issues that affect all citizens. This country was built by hard work for the people not for the Bankers and for the Elite! The time has come for Washington to head in a new direction and give back the power to the people and protect the greatest constitution ever established in history. This is what I will fight for and this is what we must do to bring back our freedoms.
What kind of support have you received thus far?
Emin E. Egriu: My wife and children and my Uncle, Professor Ibrahim Egriu are my biggest supporters. I have had strong support from my Albanian-American community here in Western NY, my fellow Dibrans from my birth place, my fellow American Albanians in NYC, Connecticut, Chicago, Detroit, NJ and throughout the World. Here I have many local entities including political and religious figures that I cannot mention yet as I have not confirmed my candidacy. I can say that I have a tremendous amount of support among the minorities small business, Churches, Religious entities, Block clubs and the hard working families! Again I am a people’s person and a majority of the people here in Western NY knows that about me. This is why I am confident I can WIN!
What is your greatest strength?
Emin E. Egriu: Honesty is my greatest strength, people in general know that about me and they also know that I fight for things that matter to all races and that I protect anyone that faces segregation or racism. I also am a person that moves big things with little funds. I also do not shy away from speaking my mind and my beliefs. I have had many offers in the years behind me for secured and great job opportunities and I refused to accept those positions because I was not fighting for me I was fighting for the people. At the end my greatest strength is the people and their needs.
What characteristics could you bring to the office?
Emin E. Egriu: A person that can work with all fractions and political parties and a person that works directly with the people and understands the people’s needs. A person that understands business from the lowest level to the highest level. A person that lives by the rule of faith and acknowledges all the good books as they all preach to love they neighbor and that we are all one and that is we are all the children of God. A workaholic that I am is what Washington needs, when I speak on the people’s behalf I speak their cause and their needs not mine and a person that has international experience, and the know-how of how to bring people together to share their differences and to find solutions in solving our differences.
Why should voters choose you over other candidates?
Emin E. Egriu: Because the other candidate does not represent the people, but the 1 percent. He is a political hack, a polished politician who only works for his own career. I on the other hand do not depend on job security or on any patronage job. God has gifted me with hands and mind of gold and I have never taken any jobs from the tax payers or from the political establishment. I have always worked in the private sector and for the last 17 years all my work has been through word of mouth and not through any advertisement or favoritism!
I work every day to help the people’s cause and to better my community here and abroad. I am a person that has had many challenges and understands what it is like to lose your home to bank industry and to fall behind on bills, taxes and know the meaning on need… So you can say that I am the average American citizen who understands today’s struggles… in other words, I AM YOU!
What are your long-term goals for New York and the community?
Emin E. Egriu: Develop forgotten communities, strengthen small businesses, create jobs for the under educated citizens, secure and strengthen Social Security, raise minimum wages, redevelop our manufacturing, fight for equal opportunity, reform Immigration, fight for a better health plan so all citizens have coverage, stop wasted spending of the tax payers monies, fight against pharmaceutical industries to lower the cost of medicine, and protect our senior citizens. And finally protect our men and women in the armed forces and our veterans, who need security when returning from war.
I am not seeking to be a leader of any community, I am seeking to be their voice and fight for their needs. I know how to make people listen and respond and know how to reach out and negotiate to satisfy all different factions and beliefs.
We need people in Washington who can work together for this great nation of ours and prepare for the future as it changes every day. We need progressive thinkers to prepare the future of our children and fight for the reduction of our deficit so our children will not have to pay the bills that our generation has created.
So I ask that you trust me and give the opportunity to represent you. Let your voice be heard through me as I send your message to the Capital and to the entire nation. I will fight for you the people!
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